{"id":51624,"date":"2023-11-17T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-17T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/?p=51624"},"modified":"2024-08-02T10:02:21","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T08:02:21","slug":"diferenta-de-remunerare-dintre-femei-si-barbati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/romana\/diferenta-de-remunerare-dintre-femei-si-barbati\/","title":{"rendered":"Salariile nu sunt motivul pentru pr\u0103pastia uria\u0219\u0103 dintre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Cum interpret\u0103m aceast\u0103 contradic\u021bie? Este realist faptul c\u0103 salariile sunt aproape egale \u00eentre sexe \u0219i c\u0103 b\u0103rba\u021bii sunt \u201edoar\u201d favoriza\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te educa\u021bia, locurile de munc\u0103, durata interac\u021biunilor sociale, puterea \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tatea?\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le-am \u00eentrebat pe cercet\u0103toarea \u00een studii de gen&nbsp;<strong>Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103<\/strong>, profesor la Facultatea de \u0218tiin\u021be Politice a Universit\u0103\u021bii din Bucure\u0219ti, \u0219i pe sociologul&nbsp;<strong>R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u<\/strong>, cadru didactic la Universitatea Babe\u0219-Bolyai, despre datele aparent neconcordante din Rom\u00e2nia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi nu este un subiect de actualitate \u00een \u021bara noastr\u0103, dar face obiectul unor cercet\u0103ri \u00een domeniul \u0219tiin\u021belor sociale \u00een Nordul global de decenii. Nu este de mirare c\u0103 premiul Nobel pentru economie din acest an a fost acordat&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/economic-sciences\/2023\/goldin\/facts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Claudiei Goldin<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;economist \u0219i istoric al economiei tocmai pentru \u201eo \u00een\u021belegere mai ampl\u0103 a situa\u021biei femeilor pe pia\u021ba muncii\u201d. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Profesorul american&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/youtu.be\/SQxUcijeUxo?si=X6FCowqcZLwCzu6z&amp;t=1715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">afirm\u0103<\/a>&nbsp;c\u0103 diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre b\u0103rba\u021bii \u0219i femeile de aceea\u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u0219i cu acela\u0219i nivel de educa\u021bie, chiar \u0219i \u00een sectoarele cu salarii mari, care nu necesit\u0103 for\u021b\u0103 brut\u0103, nu se datoreaz\u0103 doar faptului c\u0103 cre\u0219terea copiilor fr\u00e2neaz\u0103 traiectoria ascendent\u0103 a carierei \u0219i a salariilor femeilor, ci \u0219i faptului c\u0103 femeile prefer\u0103 s\u0103 aleag\u0103 s\u0103 aib\u0103 grij\u0103 de p\u0103rin\u021bii lor \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii. \u00cen plus, ele c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 mai pu\u021bin chiar dac\u0103 \u00een cele din urm\u0103 nu trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 grij\u0103 de nimeni, deoarece&nbsp;<strong>salariile lor sunt deja influen\u021bate de probabilitatea<\/strong>&nbsp;c\u0103 va trebui s\u0103 includ\u0103 munca de \u00eengrijire \u00een via\u021ba lor la un moment dat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diferen\u021be abia sesizabile la salarii<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rom\u00e2nia prezint\u0103 date surprinz\u0103tor de bune \u00een analiza&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/SDG_05_20\/default\/table?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Eurostat pe 2021<\/a>&nbsp;\u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te diferen\u021bele salariale dintre sexe. Diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00een \u021bar\u0103 este de 3,6%, cu mult sub media UE de 12,7%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu alte cuvinte, venitul net pe or\u0103 al femeilor din Rom\u00e2nia este \u00een medie cu 3,6% mai mic dec\u00e2t cel al b\u0103rba\u021bilor.&nbsp;<strong>\u00cen medie, femeile c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 96,4% din venitul pe or\u0103 al b\u0103rba\u021bilor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen statisticile oficiale ale UE, doar Luxemburgul st\u0103 mai bine unde salariile femeilor sunt egale cu cele ale b\u0103rba\u021bilor \u0219i chiar cu 0,2% mai mari. Cea mai slab\u0103 performan\u021b\u0103 este Estonia unde salariul b\u0103rba\u021bilor este cu peste 20% mai mare dec\u00e2t cel al femeilor. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sondajul Eurostat include cet\u0103\u021benii cu v\u00e2rste cuprinse \u00eentre 15 \u0219i 64 de ani, indiferent de v\u00e2rstele de pensionare diferite din fiecare \u021bar\u0103, a explicat R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u pentru \u00c1tl\u00e1tsz\u00f3 Erd\u00e9ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Reka-Geambasu-min-min-1024x683-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-51506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Reka-Geambasu-min-min-1024x683-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Reka-Geambasu-min-min-1024x683-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Reka-Geambasu-min-min-1024x683-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Reka-Geambasu-min-min-1024x683-1-750x500.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u, sociolog. Sursa foto:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/socasis.ubbcluj.ro\/staff\/reka-geambasu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">site-ul\u00a0<\/a>Universit\u0103\u021bii Babe\u0219-Bolyai.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen opinia sociologului, \u201eproblema structural\u0103 cu adev\u0103rat mare a pie\u021bei muncii din Rom\u00e2nia este c\u0103 rata de inactivitate a popula\u021biei este foarte mare, adic\u0103 mul\u021bi oameni nu au mai fost pe pia\u021ba muncii demult. De exemplu, persoanele slab calificate care tr\u0103iesc \u00een sate mici. Acest lucru are o component\u0103 de gen foarte puternic\u0103, deoarece femeile sunt suprareprezentate \u00een aceast\u0103 categorie\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script id=\"infogram_0_3f7d67c9-bd57-4f75-bf8a-170fb62d725a\" title=\"Popula\u021bia de v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103 pe pia\u021ba muncii\" src=\"https:\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed.js?JTE\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><div style=\"padding:8px 0;font-family:Arial!important;font-size:13px!important;line-height:15px!important;text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #dadada;margin:0 30px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/infogram.com\/3f7d67c9-bd57-4f75-bf8a-170fb62d725a\" style=\"color:#989898!important;text-decoration:none!important;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Popula\u021bia de v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103 pe pia\u021ba muncii<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/infogram.com\" style=\"color:#989898!important;text-decoration:none!important;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Infogram<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Doar 63,1% din popula\u021bia de v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103 a Rom\u00e2niei este efectiv activ\u0103 pe pia\u021ba muncii. Cu toate acestea, rata medie de ocupare a for\u021bei de munc\u0103 prezint\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 mare \u00eentre sexe: 71,5% dintre b\u0103rba\u021bii \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103 au un loc de munc\u0103, fa\u021b\u0103 de doar 54,4% dintre femei. 50,5% dintre b\u0103rba\u021bii slab califica\u021bi au un loc de munc\u0103, fa\u021b\u0103 de doar 23,5% dintre femeile slab calificate, potrivit sondajului Institutului Na\u021bional de Statistic\u0103 (INS) din 2022 (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/insse.ro\/cms\/sites\/default\/files\/field\/publicatii\/forta_de_munca_in_romania_ocupare_si_somaj_2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">p. 30-31<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Discriminarea este greu m\u0103surabil\u0103, dar exist\u0103<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi este determinat\u0103 de cerere \u0219i ofert\u0103, precum \u0219i de discriminare, a rezumat R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u. \u201eFemeile sunt, \u00een medie, mai educate dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii. A\u0219adar, explica\u021bia nu se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een resursele umane, ci \u00een structura pie\u021bei muncii, care tinde s\u0103 orienteze for\u021ba de munc\u0103 feminin\u0103 c\u0103tre sectoare care sunt structural mai pu\u021bin valorizate. \u00cen plus, discriminarea intr\u0103 cu siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een joc, dar este foarte greu de m\u0103surat\u201d, a constatat sociologul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script id=\"infogram_0_d31176ed-5ecb-4896-99ca-a437b1daabc8\" title=\"Diferen\u021ba dintre sexe din perspectiva calific\u0103rii\" src=\"https:\/\/e.infogram.com\/js\/dist\/embed.js?kbM\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><div style=\"padding:8px 0;font-family:Arial!important;font-size:13px!important;line-height:15px!important;text-align:center;border-top:1px solid #dadada;margin:0 30px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/infogram.com\/d31176ed-5ecb-4896-99ca-a437b1daabc8\" style=\"color:#989898!important;text-decoration:none!important;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diferen\u021ba dintre sexe din perspectiva calific\u0103rii<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/infogram.com\" style=\"color:#989898!important;text-decoration:none!important;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Infogram<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103, coordonatoarea&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/cpes.unibuc.ro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centrului pentru Politicile Egalit\u0103\u021bii de \u0218anse<\/a>&nbsp;din cadrul Universit\u0103\u021bii Bucure\u0219ti a explicat motivul pentru care diferen\u021ba de remunerare dintre b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i femei este mic\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia prin trei factori. Argumentele sale se bazeaz\u0103 pe cercetarea din 2021 care analizeaz\u0103 situa\u021bia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Inegalit\u0103\u021bilor economice de gen.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Sectorul public este preponderent feminin<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, sectorul public absoarbe un num\u0103r relativ mare de lucr\u0103tori \u00een compara\u021bie cu alte \u021b\u0103ri europene, iar majoritatea angaja\u021bilor sunt femei. G\u00e2ndi\u021bi-v\u0103 doar la cei care lucreaz\u0103 \u00een educa\u021bie, s\u0103n\u0103tate, sectorul social \u0219i cultural sau \u00een administra\u021bia public\u0103. De\u0219i statul a f\u0103cut cre\u0219teri salariale semnificative dup\u0103 2010, actuala criz\u0103 economic\u0103 \u0219i infla\u021bia cauzeaz\u0103 din nou probleme pentru salariile din sectorul public, a subliniat Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Totodat\u0103 a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/190446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">grilele de salarizare din sectorul public&nbsp;<\/a>sunt fixe: salariile sunt aferente postului \u0219i nu conteaz\u0103 dac\u0103 postul este ocupat de un b\u0103rbat sau de o femeie. Acest lucru reduce diferen\u021bele de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u00een general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103, cercet\u0103tor studii de gen. Sursa foto: Smida Jazz Festival\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/smidajazz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Salarii minime denatureaz\u0103 statisticile<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ar putea fi gre\u0219ite statisticile care m\u0103soar\u0103 diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi? \u2013 am \u00eentrebat-o pe Ionela B\u0103lu\u021ba, la care cercet\u0103toarea de gen a f\u0103cut referire la incertitudinea altor venituri ale salaria\u021bilor cu salariul minim. Peste 1,5 milioane de persoane din Rom\u00e2nia lucreaz\u0103 legal doar pe salariul minim pe economie (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">p. 18<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201e\u00cen niciun caz nu au fost falsificate datele. Nu cred c\u0103 cineva ar face acest lucru \u00een mod voit. Pe de o parte, ar putea exista probleme \u00een modul \u00een care sunt colectate \u0219i ponderate datele, pe de alt\u0103 parte, nu ar trebui s\u0103 fim p\u0103rtinitori fa\u021b\u0103 de datele statistice, ci s\u0103 le punem \u00een context \u0219i s\u0103 le interpret\u0103m \u00een context, ceea ce adesea nu se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p>De exemplu, peste un milion de persoane din sectorul privat lucreaz\u0103 pe salariul minim, ceea ce reprezint\u0103 o parte important\u0103 a pie\u021bei muncii din Rom\u00e2nia. Acest lucru denatureaz\u0103 statisticile salariale, deoarece \u0219tim c\u0103 salariul&nbsp;<strong>minim acoper\u0103 \u0219i o form\u0103 de evaziune fiscal\u0103<\/strong>. Mul\u021bi dintre angaja\u021bii care c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 salariul minim pe h\u00e2rtie au venitul suplimentar stabilit&nbsp; verbal cu \u0219efii lor. A\u0219adar, cei peste un milion de salaria\u021bi ar trebui sco\u0219i din statistici, iar ponderarea datelor ar trebui reg\u00e2ndit\u0103 complet\u201d, a declarat Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Cercet\u0103torul a subliniat c\u0103 statisticile pot lua \u00een considerare doar veniturile nete pe or\u0103 oficiale. Veniturile care dep\u0103\u0219esc acest nivel, pe care angaja\u021bii le primesc din ore suplimentare \u0219i alte bonusuri suplimentare, nu pot fi urm\u0103rite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>Comunismul a dat liber femeilor \u0219i \u00een sectoarele preponderent masculine<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>De asemenea, liderii rom\u00e2ni afirm\u0103 cu m\u00e2ndrie faptul c\u0103 \u021bara are un important sector IT \u0219i tot mai multe femei lucreaz\u0103 \u00een acest domeniu. Salariile mai mari pe care le c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 \u0219i femeile reduc \u00eentr-adev\u0103r decalajul salarial \u00een general, dar Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103 a precizat c\u0103 acest lucru trebuie privit \u00eentr-o perspectiv\u0103 istoric\u0103: &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eV\u0103 pute\u021bi l\u0103uda c\u0103 exist\u0103 multe femei speciali\u0219ti IT, ingineri \u0219i chiar juri\u0219ti, dar asta se datoreaz\u0103 sistemului comunist. Comunismul a fost un sistem totalitar, dar \u00een multe domenii a pus \u00een mi\u0219care o dinamic\u0103 favorabil\u0103 egalit\u0103\u021bii de gen \u0219i egalit\u0103\u021bii sociale\u201d. De exemplu, la jum\u0103tatea anilor 1980, erau \u00eencadrate \u00een munc\u0103 85% dintre femeile de v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103 din Rom\u00e2nia (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">p. 10<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cercet\u0103torul a precizat c\u0103, \u00een prezent, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, femeile au mult mai multe \u0219anse s\u0103 studieze la universit\u0103\u021bi unde e nevoie de matematic\u0103 \u0219i informatic\u0103 dec\u00e2t \u00een Fran\u021ba, de exemplu. Acesta este rezultatul sistemului din trecut, care tindea s\u0103 orienteze studen\u021bii bine preg\u0103ti\u021bi, indiferent de sex, c\u0103tre cursuri de medicin\u0103, inginerie sau \u0219tiin\u021be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Decalajul de remunerare se ad\u00e2nce\u0219te \u00een sectorul privat \u00a0<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=File:The_unadjusted_gender_pay_gap_by_economic_control_(%25),_2021.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Analiza Eurostat pe 2021<\/a>&nbsp;indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 \u00een sectorul privat diferen\u021ba de remunerare se ridic\u0103 la 10,2%, \u00een timp ce \u00een sectorul public e de doar 1,7%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sistemul socialist nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 sparg\u0103 complet stereotipurile de gen care \u00eenso\u021beau educa\u021bia copiilor: b\u0103ie\u021bii trebuie s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be matematic\u0103, iar fetele literatur\u0103. Dar Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103 a citat consecin\u021bele stereotipurilor ca exemplu de disponibilitate a femeilor de a-\u0219i negocia salariile la locul de munc\u0103:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201eFemeile nu cer m\u0103riri salariale \u0219i nu \u0219tiu cum s\u0103 negocieze salariile pentru c\u0103 urmeaz\u0103 stereotipul de gen conform c\u0103ruia trebuie s\u0103 demonstreze mai \u00eent\u00e2i c\u0103 sunt bune \u0219i apoi s\u0103 a\u0219tepte ca cineva s\u0103 le recunoasc\u0103 meritele.\u201d<br><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Cercet\u0103torul s-a referit la un studiu calitativ realizat \u00een Fran\u021ba, \u00een care marea majoritate a responden\u021bilor de sex feminin au declarat c\u0103 nici m\u0103car nu s-au g\u00e2ndit s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eentrebe angajatorul dac\u0103 prima ofert\u0103 salarial\u0103 era negociabil\u0103, \u00een timp ce 50% dintre b\u0103rba\u021bi au \u00eentrebat despre negociabilitate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu toate acestea, interviurile realizate de Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103 au demonstrat c\u0103 \u00een medie un angajat mediu din sectorul privat rom\u00e2nesc negociaz\u0103 cu noul s\u0103u \u0219ef o diferen\u021b\u0103 salarial\u0103 de aproximativ 1000 de lei. Dac\u0103 lu\u0103m \u00een considerare cercet\u0103rile anterioare conform c\u0103rora&nbsp;<strong>femeile sunt mai pu\u021bin dispuse<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>s\u0103-\u0219i negocieze salariul de \u00eencadrare<\/strong>&nbsp;dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii, aceast\u0103 tendin\u021b\u0103 duce la diferen\u021be salariale uria\u0219e \u00eentre lucr\u0103tori care, \u00een rest, au aproximativ aceea\u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103, educa\u021bie \u0219i experien\u021b\u0103, a declarat cercet\u0103torul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen plus, angajatorii tind s\u0103 favorizeze b\u0103rba\u021bii \u00een r\u00e2ndul angaja\u021bilor cu familii atunci c\u00e2nd vine vorba de promovare sau de sarcini \u0219i bonusuri suplimentare. \u201e\u00cen\u021belegerea\u201d este c\u0103 femeile angajate care au copii sunt mai pu\u021bin \u00eempov\u0103rate de sarcini suplimentare, dar sunt, de fapt, private de posibilitatea de a ob\u021bine cre\u0219teri salariale \u0219i de a se dezvolta \u00een carier\u0103. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eAici se \u00eenghea\u021b\u0103 diferen\u021bele salariale \u0219i se perpetueaz\u0103 diferen\u021bele de statut. Evident, aici intervine discriminarea, la cine se g\u00e2nde\u0219te \u0219eful atunci c\u00e2nd vine vorba de promovare, c\u00e2nd se uit\u0103 la angaja\u021bii s\u0103i \u0219i uneori nici m\u0103car nu le observ\u0103 pe femei\u201d, a confirmat R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u. &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cel mai greu le este femeilor tinere<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>De asemenea, este foarte interesant de observat diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u00een func\u021bie de categorii de v\u00e2rst\u0103. Deoarece&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=File:The_unadjusted_gender_pay_gap_by_age_(%25),_2021.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00een Rom\u00e2nia, cea mai mare discrepan\u021b\u0103 de remunerare&nbsp;<\/a>se observ\u0103 \u00een r\u00e2ndul tinerilor \u0219i \u00eencep\u0103torilor din categoria de v\u00e2rst\u0103 25-34 ani, \u00een timp ce \u00een Ungaria aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 alunec\u0103 spre categoria de v\u00e2rst\u0103 35-44 ani. Potrivit Ionelei B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103, acest fenomen poate fi explicat prin&nbsp;<strong>\u00eentemeierea familiei<\/strong>, deoarece<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;diferen\u021ba de remunerare va fi mai mare \u00een perioada \u00een care femeile intr\u0103 \u00een concediu de cre\u0219tere a copilului,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>salariile lor nu cresc la fel de repede dup\u0103 concediu de cre\u0219tere a copilului ca \u00een cazul b\u0103rba\u021bilor,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nu se \u00eentorc deloc la locul de munc\u0103 sau doar cu jum\u0103tate de norm\u0103 din cauza faptului c\u0103-\u0219i \u00eengrijesc copiii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201e\u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, trebuie s\u0103 compar\u0103m v\u00e2rsta medie la care femeile nasc pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een fiecare \u021bar\u0103, rata natalit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i politica de sprijinire a familiilor din \u021bara respectiv\u0103, care \u00een Rom\u00e2nia este conservatoare. \u00cen Ungaria, \u00een schimb, \u00een ultima vreme s-au luat multe m\u0103suri pentru a \u00eencuraja \u0219i mai mult natalitatea\u201d, a explicat conferen\u021biarul bucure\u0219tean diferen\u021ba dintre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri vecine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201eGuvernul Rom\u00e2niei nu este complet insensibil fa\u021b\u0103 de preocup\u0103rile angaja\u021bilor cu copii, de exemplu \u00een aceast\u0103 var\u0103\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/economedia.ro\/salariatii-care-au-copii-in-varsta-de-pana-la-11-ani-vor-beneficia-de-patru-zile-pe-luna-munca-de-acasa-lege-promulgata.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a dat o lege<\/a>\u00a0prin care p\u0103rin\u021bii care au copii sub 12 ani pot solicita s\u0103 lucreze de acas\u0103 o zi pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103\u201d, a ad\u0103ugat R\u00e9ka Geamba\u0219u.<br><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu toate acestea, experien\u021ba sociologului este c\u0103 femeile pe care le cunoa\u0219te nu solicit\u0103 s\u0103 lucreze de la domiciliu o zi pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u201epentru c\u0103 nu vor s\u0103 fie \u00eentr-o pozi\u021bie vulnerabil\u0103. Este garantat prin lege, dar este o favoare pe care o cer superiorilor \u0219i care de obicei are consecin\u021be. S\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la consecin\u021be precum faptul c\u0103 nu ele vor fi promovate, nu ele vor fi angajatul lunii, nu vor primi m\u0103rire sau vor fi primele care vor fi concediate dac\u0103 va fi cazul\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dec\u00e2t s\u0103 munceasc\u0103 pentru salariul minim pe economie, mai degrab\u0103 cresc copii<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>O imagine mult mai realist\u0103 a situa\u021biei din Rom\u00e2nia se ob\u021bine dac\u0103 analiz\u0103m decalajul de ocupare a for\u021bei de munc\u0103 \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi, adic\u0103 prezen\u021ba femeilor \u0219i a b\u0103rba\u021bilor pe pia\u021ba muncii, a precizat Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, \u201enu exist\u0103 locuri de munc\u0103 bine pl\u0103tite. Femeile slab calificate din familii defavorizate sau s\u0103race pot lucra doar cu salarii foarte mici, cum ar fi la cur\u0103\u021benie sau \u00een \u00eengrijire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Dac\u0103 ne uit\u0103m la statistici, vedem c\u0103 pe pia\u021ba muncii sunt foarte pu\u021bine\u00a0<strong>femei cu studii medii \u0219i cu diplom\u0103 de bacalaureat<\/strong>, deoarece acestea prefer\u0103 s\u0103 stea acas\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 creasc\u0103 copii dec\u00e2t s\u0103 mearg\u0103 la munc\u0103 pe un salariu de 2500 de lei. Aceast\u0103 tendin\u021b\u0103 este deosebit de accentuat\u0103 \u00een clasa medie inferioar\u0103, cu v\u00e2rste cuprinse \u00eentre 25-35 de ani, unde salariile b\u0103rba\u021bilor abia acoper\u0103 cheltuielile zilnice ale familiei.<br><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Femeile cu studii superioare sunt deja prezente pe pia\u021ba muncii. Dar aceasta distorsioneaz\u0103 absolut diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi din punct de vedere statistic\u201d, a explicat Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, o treime dintre femeile de v\u00e2rst\u0103 activ\u0103, dar inactive pe pia\u021ba muncii, intervievate au declarat \u00een 2020 c\u0103 nu lucreaz\u0103 din cauz\u0103 c\u0103-\u0219i \u00eengrijesc &nbsp;copiii sau pentru c\u0103 au grij\u0103 de un membru al familiei \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 sau cu handicap. \u00cen medie, \u00een UE, doar o cincime dintre femeile inactive au invocat responsabilit\u0103\u021bile de \u00eengrijire ca motiv pentru a nu lucra. Lipsa de calificare este al doilea cel mai frecvent motiv de inactivitate \u00een Rom\u00e2nia \u0219i \u00een \u00eentreaga Uniune European\u0103 (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pg. 11-12<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Salariile medii scad \u00een profesiile care se feminizeaz\u0103<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu c\u00e2t o profesie angajeaz\u0103 mai multe femei \u00een sectorul privat, cu at\u00e2t mai mare este propor\u021bia de lucr\u0103tori cu salariul minim. Situa\u021bia cea mai dramatic\u0103 este \u00een sectorul de produc\u021bie \u0219i v\u00e2nzare de \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103minte, unde peste 85% dintre angaja\u021bi sunt femei \u0219i mai mult de jum\u0103tate dintre acestea lucreaz\u0103 pe salariul minim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Nici sectorul IT nu face excep\u021bie. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu 2015, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia s-a \u00eenregistrat o cre\u0219tere a num\u0103rului de femei care lucreaz\u0103 \u00een IT, cu o sc\u0103dere lent\u0103, dar constant\u0103 a salariului mediu \u00een acest sector (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pg. 18-19<\/a>).<br><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Sectoarele s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii, educa\u021biei, b\u0103ncilor \u0219i asigur\u0103rilor sunt \u00eenc\u0103 hiperfeminizate \u00een \u021bar\u0103, cu o propor\u021bie de peste 70% de femei \u00een 2020. Dar diferen\u021ba de remunerare apare \u0219i \u00een sectoarele hipermasculinizate, cum ar fi construc\u021biile, mineritul \u0219i transporturile, unde num\u0103rul femeilor este la un sfert&nbsp; \u00een compara\u021bie cu b\u0103rba\u021bii. Deoarece b\u0103rba\u021bii fac aproape toate muncile manuale, iar femeile tind s\u0103 lucreze \u00een birouri, salariul mediu al femeilor din aceste sectoare este u\u0219or mai mare dec\u00e2t cel al b\u0103rba\u021bilor. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Impactul stereotipurilor este cel mai evident \u00een&nbsp;<strong>sectorul bancar \u0219i al asigur\u0103rilor<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00een care femeile&nbsp;<strong>au salarii cu 30% mai mici<\/strong>, \u00een timp ce \u00eencadr\u0103rile nu se fac pe sexe. Sectorul bancar din Rom\u00e2nia \u0219i din Europa de Est angajeaz\u0103 mai multe femei, deoarece o parte mai mare a activit\u0103\u021bii const\u0103 \u00een rela\u021bia cu clien\u021bii, noteaz\u0103 \u0218tefan Guga \u0219i Alexandra Sindre\u0219tean, cercet\u0103tori la&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.syndex.ro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Syndex Rom\u00e2nia<\/a>&nbsp;\u00een cercetarea lor din 2021 (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pg. 15<\/a>). \u00cen Occident, activit\u0103\u021bile din sector sunt mai diversificate \u0219i se pune un accent mai mare pe serviciile pentru companii, dar \u0219i pe servicii mai complexe \u00een general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prestigiul r\u0103m\u00e2ne al b\u0103rba\u021bilor \u00een profesiile hiperfeminizate, spun cercet\u0103torii privind inegalitatea economic\u0103. De exemplu, absolven\u021bii de sociologie sunt preponderent femei (82% \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, fa\u021b\u0103 de 72% \u00een UE), \u00eens\u0103 majoritatea profesorilor universitari sunt b\u0103rba\u021bi. Asisten\u021bii medicali sunt \u00een propor\u021bie cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare femei, la fel ca \u0219i medicii de familie, dar propor\u021bia femeilor \u00een r\u00e2ndul altor medici speciali\u0219ti scade dramatic, au analizat situa\u021bia rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 Alexandra Sindre\u0219tean \u0219i \u0218tefan Guga (<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/bueros\/bukarest\/18613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pg. 16<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rom\u00e2nia este la coad\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te egalitatea de gen \u00a0<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/compare-countries\/index\/bar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Institutul European pentru Egalitatea de Gen&nbsp;<\/a>(EIGE) analizeaz\u0103 de zece ani inegalit\u0103\u021bile din statele membre. Sondajul acord\u0103 un punctaj de 100 de puncte pentru starea ideal\u0103, \u0219i anume egalitatea deplin\u0103 \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te&nbsp;<strong>munca, banii, educa\u021bia, timpul dedicat activit\u0103\u021bilor sociale \u0219i de \u00eengrijire, puterea \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tatea.<\/strong>&nbsp;Diferen\u021bele m\u0103surabile reduc punctajul ideal de 100 de puncte. Scorul egalit\u0103\u021bii pentru fiecare \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i pentru UE este media acestor domenii. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Institutul a analizat, de asemenea, m\u0103sura \u00een care&nbsp;<strong>violen\u021ba \u0219i abuzul<\/strong>&nbsp;afecteaz\u0103 femeile \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bii din fiecare \u021bar\u0103. Acesta nu ofer\u0103 un scor pentru acest aspect deoarece colectarea de date nu este unitar\u0103 \u00een \u021b\u0103rile membre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Indicele inegalit\u0103\u021bii de gen \u00een \u021b\u0103rile UE \u00een 2023. Sursa:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/compare-countries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EIGE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sondajul EIGE din acest an este foarte recent, fiind publicat la 24 octombrie, bazat pe date de anul trecut respectiv din 2021. De\u0219i situa\u021bia din&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/country\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rom\u00e2nia<\/a>&nbsp;s-a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit cu 2,4 puncte fa\u021b\u0103 de anul trecut, \u021bara noastr\u0103 este la coada clasamentului din UE cu 56,1 puncte. Cu alte cuvinte, se \u00eendreapt\u0103 spre egalitatea de gen, dar \u00een ritm de melc: nu a reu\u0219it s\u0103 recupereze decalajul de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/country\/HU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ungaria<\/a>&nbsp;cu 57,3 puncte, abia preced\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia \u00een clasament. Media&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/country\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Uniunii Europene<\/a>&nbsp;este de 70,2 puncte. Media cea mai mare a fost ob\u021binut\u0103 de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/country\/SE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Suedia&nbsp;<\/a>cu 82,2 puncte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201ePentru autorit\u0103\u021bi, este foarte simplu c\u00e2nd vine vorba de egalitatea de gen. Ele sus\u021bin c\u0103 avem cea mai bun\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi. Nu conteaz\u0103 c\u0103 suntem penultimii \u00een Europa \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te egalitatea de gen.&nbsp; [<em>Nota. red.: C\u00e2nd am intervievat specialistul, se cuno\u0219teau doar rezultatele sondajului de anul trecut.<\/em>] Ei repet\u0103 \u0219i laud\u0103 aceast\u0103 poveste, dar e clar c\u0103 ceva e \u00een neregul\u0103. Nu po\u021bi fi primul \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te diferen\u021ba de remunerare \u00eentre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i ultimul \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te egalitatea de gen\u201d, a subliniat aceast\u0103 contradic\u021bie Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sondajul EIGE rezolv\u0103 aceast\u0103 discrepan\u021b\u0103, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd un decalaj salarial de opt ori mai mare dec\u00e2t diferen\u021ba de 3,6% bazat\u0103 pe venitul pe or\u0103.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/game\/RO\/W\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Femeile din Rom\u00e2nia c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 cu 27,3 % mai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;\u2012 ne arat\u0103 jocul EIGE cu ajutorul c\u0103ruia ne atrage \u00een interpretarea datelor \u00eentr-o clipit\u0103. Trebuie doar s\u0103 facem click pe \u021bara \u00een care ne-am n\u0103scut \u0219i ne va ar\u0103ta femeia sau b\u0103rbatul relevant din punct de vedere statistic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p><em>Jocul ne \u0219i explic\u0103 modul \u00een care s-a ajuns la\u00a0<\/em><strong>diferen\u021ba de opt ori mai mare \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong>salarizarea<\/strong><em>: combin\u0103 venitul pe or\u0103, num\u0103rul de ore pl\u0103tite pe lun\u0103 \u0219i rata de ocupare a for\u021bei de munc\u0103. Cu alte cuvinte, reflect\u0103 deja faptul c\u0103 jum\u0103tate dintre femeile cu calific\u0103ri medii \u0219i trei sferturi dintre lucr\u0103torii slab califica\u021bi sunt absen\u021bi de pe pia\u021ba muncii. Din datele agregate ale EIGE reiese, de asemenea, c\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia femeia este statistic mai s\u0103rac\u0103 dec\u00e2t b\u0103rbatul relevant din punct de vedere statistic, \u00een sensul c\u0103 femeia statistic\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219te cu opt ani mai mult, dar lucreaz\u0103 cu opt ani mai pu\u021bin. Cu alte cuvinte, ea va tr\u0103i mai mult, dar cu o pensie mai mic\u0103<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Calcul\u00e2nd astfel, \u00een Ungaria, femeile c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 cu 28,1 % mai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii. Cel mai mic decalaj \u00eentre veniturile femeilor \u0219i cele ale b\u0103rba\u021bilor se \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 \u00een Lituania \u0219i Portugalia, cu 20,4%, iar cel mai mare \u00een Austria, cu 44%. Dar chiar \u0219i \u00een Suedia, care are cea mai bun\u0103 medie, femeile c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 cu 23,8 la sut\u0103 mai pu\u021bin dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De aceea, Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103 subliniaz\u0103 c\u0103 fiecare \u021bar\u0103 trebuie analizat\u0103 \u00een context politic, economic \u0219i social. Un nivel de trai mai ridicat nu garanteaz\u0103 un salariu egal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ce trage \u00een jos media Rom\u00e2niei c\u00e2nd vine vorba de egalitate?<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te&nbsp;<strong>banii<\/strong>, Rom\u00e2nia are un scor bun \u00een compara\u021bie cu punctajul ob\u021binut: 70,6 puncte pentru diferen\u021ba dintre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te situa\u021bia financiar\u0103 \u0219i resursele materiale, fa\u021b\u0103 de o medie general\u0103 de doar 56,1 puncte. Aceast\u0103 categorie arat\u0103 c\u0103 b\u0103rba\u021bii c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 ceva mai mult \u0219i c\u0103 sunt pu\u021bin mai multe femei (22%) dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bi (20%) care sunt expuse riscului de s\u0103r\u0103cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Categoria&nbsp;<strong>s\u0103n\u0103tate<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 care ridic\u0103 \u0219i ea media de egalitate a \u021b\u0103rii, dar unde suntem \u0219i pe ultimul loc \u2012 se bazeaz\u0103 pe&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/domain\/health\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mai multe subcategorii&nbsp;<\/a>cu r\u0103spunsuri date pe proprie r\u0103spundere. Aici inegalit\u0103\u021bile sunt mai mari: trei sferturi dintre femei \u0219i doar o treime dintre b\u0103rba\u021bi nu fumeaz\u0103, iar obiceiurile lor \u00een materie de b\u0103utur\u0103 nu sunt \u00eenc\u0103 prea nocive. Cu toate acestea, foarte pu\u021bine persoane aleg un stil de via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tos \u00een mod con\u0219tient (exerci\u021bii fizice, fructe \u0219i legume), de\u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bii (14%) sunt de dou\u0103 ori mai mul\u021bi dec\u00e2t femeile (6%) la aceast\u0103 subcategorie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De\u0219i speran\u021ba de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i num\u0103rul de ani de via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i \u00eenclin\u0103 balan\u021ba \u00een favoarea femeilor, un num\u0103r ceva mai mic de femei (69%) dec\u00e2t de b\u0103rba\u021bi (77%) consider\u0103 c\u0103 starea lor de s\u0103n\u0103tate este bun\u0103 sau foarte bun\u0103, iar femeile sunt mai predispuse dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bii s\u0103 cread\u0103 c\u0103 nu au acces la asisten\u021ba medical\u0103 \u0219i stomatologic\u0103 de care au nevoie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Rezultate detaliate pentru Rom\u00e2nia \u00een m\u0103surarea inegalit\u0103\u021bii de gen din 2023. Sursa:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/country\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EIGE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>De asemenea, Rom\u00e2nia chiar dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te media UE la categoria&nbsp;<strong>timp<\/strong>. Aici, EIGE analizeaz\u0103 propor\u021bia persoanelor implicate \u00een activit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eengrijire sau de petrecere a timpului liber pe sexe.&nbsp; Dou\u0103 treimi dintre femei \u0219i o treime dintre b\u0103rba\u021bi g\u0103tesc sau fac alte munci casnice \u00een fiecare zi. 52% dintre femei \u0219i 40% dintre b\u0103rba\u021bi au grij\u0103 \u00een fiecare zi de un copil, de un nepot, de o rud\u0103 \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 sau cu handicap. Nu exist\u0103 o diferen\u021b\u0103 at\u00e2t de mare \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 sexe atunci c\u00e2nd vine vorba de petrecerea timpului liber \u00een afara casei \u0219i de voluntariat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Accesul sc\u0103zut sau profund inegal la cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i la putere<\/strong>&nbsp;trage \u00een jos \u00een mod evident&nbsp;media egalit\u0103\u021bii din \u021bar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Accesul la&nbsp;<strong>educa\u021bie<\/strong>&nbsp;este&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/domain\/knowledge\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">egal \u00een mare, \u00eens\u0103 tot sc\u0103zut<\/a>&nbsp;: doar 14% dintre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi au studii superioare (media UE este dubl\u0103) \u0219i doar 12% \u0219i 13% dintre persoanele cu v\u00e2rste cuprinse \u00eentre 15 \u0219i 74 de ani urmau o form\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt sau de formare profesional\u0103 (\u00een cele patru s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni anterioare sondajului). Cea mai mare inegalitate \u00een acest caz este faptul c\u0103 34% dintre studente studiaz\u0103 pentru profesii cu un prestigiu \u0219i o remunera\u021bie mai mici (\u0219tiin\u021be umaniste, s\u0103n\u0103tate, asisten\u021b\u0103 social\u0103), fa\u021b\u0103 de numai 18% dintre studen\u021bii b\u0103ie\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acest lucru prefigureaz\u0103 c\u0103 divizia stereotipic\u0103 a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/domain\/work\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>muncii<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;se va schimba lent, m\u0103surat\u0103 \u00een egal\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103 de EIGE: \u00een educa\u021bie, s\u0103n\u0103tate \u0219i asisten\u021b\u0103 social\u0103 lucreaz\u0103 de patru ori mai multe femei dec\u00e2t b\u0103rba\u021bi. \u00cen timp ce 58% dintre b\u0103rba\u021bii adul\u021bi lucreaz\u0103 cu norm\u0103 \u00eentreag\u0103, doar 39% dintre femei o fac. O treime dintre b\u0103rba\u021bii care lucreaz\u0103 \u0219i doar un sfert dintre femei consider\u0103 c\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i pot lua o or\u0103 sau dou\u0103 libere de la serviciu pentru a se ocupa de probleme personale sau familiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cea mai puternic\u0103 inegalitate de gen din Rom\u00e2nia este la nivelul accesului la posturi decizionale<\/strong>, care a ob\u021binut doar 30,7 puncte la aceast\u0103 categorie. Ungaria a avut cea mai slab\u0103 performan\u021b\u0103, cu un scor mediu de 26,2. EIGE m\u0103soar\u0103 concret&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/gender-equality-index\/2023\/domain\/power\/RO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">accesul echitabil la posturile de la nivelul structurilor puterii<\/a>: propor\u021bia de femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi \u00een cele mai \u00eenalte func\u021bii de decizie \u00een politic\u0103, economie \u0219i organiza\u021bii sociale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, doar 9% dintre mini\u0219tri, 20% dintre deputa\u021bi \u0219i 21% dintre consilierii locali \u0219i jude\u021beni sunt femei. Puterea economic\u0103 este \u0219i mai mult dominat\u0103 de b\u0103rba\u021bi: doar o cincime dintre membrii consiliilor de administra\u021bie \u0219i ai consiliilor de supraveghere ale celor mai mari companii sunt femei. Scorul acestei subcategorii este at\u00e2t de sc\u0103zut (15,7) \u0219i pentru c\u0103 \u00een consiliul de administra\u021bie al B\u0103ncii Na\u021bionale a Rom\u00e2niei nu exist\u0103 femei. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Situa\u021bia este ceva mai bun\u0103 \u00een organiza\u021biile sociale. EIGE a analizat organele de conducere ale organiza\u021biilor care beneficiaz\u0103 de bani publici \u0219i de influen\u021b\u0103. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, femeile reprezint\u0103 45% din consiliile de administra\u021bie ale organiza\u021biilor care finan\u021beaz\u0103 cercetarea, 38% din consiliile de administra\u021bie ale mass-mediei publice \u0219i 16% din consiliile de administra\u021bie ale primelor zece federa\u021bii sportive olimpice. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201eA\u0219a se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 c\u00e2nd ai legi \u0219i politici pe h\u00e2rtie, c\u00e2nd te ascunzi \u00een spatele unor declara\u021bii politice de ochii UE dar \u00een realitate sus\u021binerea politic\u0103 pentru egalitatea de gen este zero. A\u0219a se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 c\u00e2nd se \u00eenmul\u021besc atacurile la egalitatea de gen \u00een spa\u021biul public \u0219i politic, dar \u0219i atacurile la studiile de gen \u00een spa\u021biul universitar. \u0218i majoritatea nu vede sau se face c\u0103 nu \u00een\u021belege. Am spus-o \u0219i o s-o repet, at\u00e2ta timp c\u00e2t o (mai) pot face: egalitatea de gen este un indicator al calit\u0103\u021bii democra\u021biei. To\u021bi cei care sunt \u00eempotriva egalit\u0103\u021bii de gen sunt anti-democratici.\u201d \u2012 a comentat pe pagina sa de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ionela.baluta.5\/posts\/pfbid0BwKNhLh3EjmoxShScXsTN6Znj3RknSTbM3XLdk93WmK39wDnmVcz1rf5N7zLUCE1l\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facebook<\/a>&nbsp;<strong>Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103<\/strong>&nbsp;referitor la faptul c\u0103 Rom\u00e2nia a cobor\u00e2t anul acesta pe ultimul loc \u00een clasamentul UE privind egalitatea de gen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Articol publicat cu sprijinul<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.thomsonfoundation.org\/\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/a><em><u><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.thomsonfoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Funda\u021biei Thomson<\/a><\/u>, \u00een colaborare cu platforma&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.veszpremkukac.hu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Veszpr\u00e9m Kukac<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;din Ungaria. Situa\u021bia din Ungaria a fost detaliat\u0103 de Tihanyi Kata.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Sursa imaginii introductive:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/www.freepik.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Freepik<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Traducere: Sz\u00e1sz Auguszta. Articolul original:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128220419\/https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/eroviszonyok\/diszkriminacio\/berszakadek-egyenlotlenseg-nok-ferfiak\/\">Nem a b\u00e9rek miatt t\u00e1tong hatalmas szakad\u00e9k a n\u0151k \u00e9s f\u00e9rfiak k\u00f6z\u00f6tt<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cum interpret\u0103m aceast\u0103 contradic\u021bie? Este realist faptul c\u0103 salariile sunt aproape egale \u00eentre sexe \u0219i c\u0103 b\u0103rba\u021bii sunt \u201edoar\u201d favoriza\u021bi \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te educa\u021bia, locurile de munc\u0103, durata interac\u021biunilor sociale, puterea \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tatea?\u00a0\u00a0 Le-am \u00eentrebat pe cercet\u0103toarea \u00een studii de gen&nbsp;Ionela B\u0103lu\u021b\u0103, profesor la Facultatea de \u0218tiin\u021be Politice a Universit\u0103\u021bii din Bucure\u0219ti, \u0219i pe [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":51503,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[4024,4026,4025,4031,4028,4030,4029,4027,4032],"ppma_author":[3004],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Salariile nu sunt motivul pentru pr\u0103pastia uria\u0219\u0103 dintre femei \u0219i b\u0103rba\u021bi - 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Az \u00fajs\u00e1g\u00edr\u00e1ssal \u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00e9lettel Hargita Megye Tan\u00e1cs\u00e1nak sajt\u00f3irod\u00e1j\u00e1ban ismerkedtem meg gyakornokk\u00e9nt, aminek a hierarchi\u00e1ja \u00e9s programsz\u00f6vegei annyira leh\u00faztak, hogy fejvesztve menek\u00fcltem vissza Kolozsv\u00e1rra. Gyakornokoskodtam a Transindexn\u00e9l, majd az \u00c1tl\u00e1tsz\u00f3 Erd\u00e9lyn\u00e9l, ahol 2022 \u0151sze \u00f3ta vagyok alkalmazott. Azt mondj\u00e1k, j\u00f3 az igazs\u00e1g\u00e9rzetem. Az interj\u00faalanyok, akik el\u0151bb vonakodnak az \u00fajs\u00e1g\u00edr\u00f3i k\u00e9rd\u00e9sekt\u0151l, k\u00e9s\u0151bb azt mondj\u00e1k, j\u00f3 velem besz\u00e9lgetni. Szeretem, hogy az emp\u00e1tia a munk\u00e1m r\u00e9sze. T\u00e9m\u00e1im az oktat\u00e1s \u00e9s a szegreg\u00e1ci\u00f3, a gyermekv\u00e9delem, a term\u00e9szetv\u00e9delem, a h\u00e1tr\u00e1nyos helyzet b\u00e1rmilyen t\u00e1rsadalmi szinten, \u00e9s az elszigetelt k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gekben zajl\u00f3 konfliktusok kider\u00edt\u00e9se."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51624"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51624"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":51625,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51624\/revisions\/51625"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51503"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51624"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlatszo.ro\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=51624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}